Blood-brain barrier

Blood brain barrier: Tight junctions in the endothelium of brain vessels & thick basal lamina surrounding the external face of the capillary & feet of astrocytes. separation of circulating blood and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) in the central nervous system (CNS) Function: physical barrier system of cellular transport mechanisms maintains homeostasis restrict entrances of harmful chemicals from…

Inflammatory Arthritis

4 topics: General arthritis def cause types Osteoarthritis ethiopathology morphology gross microscopic clinical/radiological features management Rheumatoid arthritis same as above Septic arthritis ethiopathogenesis investigations treatment General arthritis Arthritis: Inflammation of one of more joints. (a group of conditions involving damage to the joints of the body) There are over 100 different forms of arthritis The…

Sutures of the skull & Frontanelle

Sutures: Immobile joints that unites the several separate bones of the skull. The connective tissue between the bones is called a sutural ligament. The mandible is an exception to this rule, for it is united to the skull by the mobile temporomandibular joint Sutures of the skull: Coronal suture: btwn frontal & parietal bone Squamousal…

Base of the skull

Taken from emedicine: (revise boundaries with snells) Introduction to skull base anatomy: The skull base forms the floor of the cranial cavity and separates the brain from other facial structures. This anatomic region is complex and poses surgical challenges for otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons alike. Working knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of the skull…

Ascending & Descending tracts of spinal cord

General overview Ascending tracts Sensory Descending tracts Motor General arrangement of both tracts 1st order neuron 2nd order neuron 3rd order neuron The only difference is the different locations where each order of neuron ends. Decussation is the cross-over of the tract from one side to the other. Therefore, there are instances where the left…

Ventricular system & cerebrospinal fluid

Meninges Dura mater outer layer lining the skull Arachnoid mater Space beneath is the subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains blood vessels Pia mater covers the brain _____________________________________________________________ Subarachnoid space Space between the arachnoid and pia mater contains CSF Lies over the hemispheres the space is narrow At the cerebello-medullary angle pia mater and…

Organization of the Cerebral Cortex

Organization Cortex consists of neurons Types Pyramidal (main) Stellate Fusiform Horizontal neuroglia nerve fibres blood vessels Cortex forms a gray matter covers there areas cerebral hemispheres obscures diencephalone upper brain stem Surface area of the brain has been increased multiple times to accommodate 10 billion neurons Gyri convolutions Sulci fissues Functional aspects Receives sensory information…

Joints

OLIS Composition of cartilage http://elearning.imu.edu.my/file.php/4236/StudyGuide/Musculo/Week2/xms2_1.html Joints http://elearning.imu.edu.my/file.php/4236/StudyGuide/Musculo/Week2/xms2_2.html Dr Nilesh’s blog – knee joint http://imuanatomy.blogspot.com/2010/09/knee-joint.html Before you start learning about the joints itself, it is important to learn about the joints articulation/movements so that you will understand better how the different types of joints result in those movements. Extension & Flexion Abduction & Adduction Circumduction all…

Development of Nervous System

Prenatal Development of Central Nervous System At the beginning of the 3rd week, developing notochord induces overlying ectoderm to become neuroectoderm. Thus forming an elongated, slipper-shaped plate of thickened ectoderm – the neural plate. Neural plate invaginates and forms neural tube Pre-requirement for folding Notochord Anterior part Forms Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain This neural plate invaginates,…

Osteomyelitis & Bone Tumours

Osteomyelitis Definition: Inflammation of the bone & marrow Challenging to treat less choice of effective antibiotics less penetrance of antibiotics into the bone infection will lead to disability/morbidity! viruses bacteria parasites fungi 2 types of osteomyelitis Pyogenic osteomyelitis (Acute) Infection reach bone by Hematogenous spread (most common) Extension from contiguous site Direct implantation Microorganisms Staphylococcus…