Basal Ganglia

Read from written notes. Some images on basal ganglia

Blood supply of the brain & spinal cord

Read written notes. Images on blood vessels supplying the brain: _____________________________________________________________________ Blood supply to the spinal cord: _____________________________________________________________________ Clinical Anatomy BRAIN Too delicate to bear hypoglycaemia/anoxia/hypoxia Damage Reversible beyond 3 minutes Irreversible beyond 7 minutes Arteries are ‘end arteries’ Conditions that may arise: Aneurysms Stroke (haemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism) Medial medullary (Dejerine) syndrome Ant spinal artery…

Brain stem

Read the written notes. Some images of the brain stem:   _____________________________________________________________________ Dorsal surface: Identify: Gracilis & Cuneatus FASCICULUS Gracilis & Cuneatus NUCLEUS Gracile & Cuneate TUBERCLES   _____________________________________________________________________ Midbrain: _____________________________________________________________________ Cerebellar peduncles _____________________________________________________________________ Cranial nerves seen in the brainstem _____________________________________________________________________

Cranial Nerves

Read the printed table.

Branchial arches

Forms the anatomical bases for head & neck development Related to gill (brachial system) & located near the developing pharynx (pharyngeal) of the embryo. The branchial apparatus consists of: Branchial (pharyngeal) arches mesoderm Branchial (pharyngeal) clefts ectoderm Pharyngeal pouches endoderm Simultaneous with the development of the arches & clefts a number of outpocketings arise in…

PBL: Gout

Keywords 43 y/o lady Outpatient department pain, swelling and limitation of movement in her right knee awakened from sleep at night due to severe pain paroxysmal nocturnal Aggravating factor high protein meal – red meat, liver, kidney Extending to her ankle and foot Pic: swelling of right foot In the past weeks frequency and severity…

Pain & Nociception

What is pain? It is an unpleasant sensation, with a protective function Definition: unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual/potential tissue damange What influences the pain you feel? Individual coping strategies Attitudes Previous pain experience Cognitive understanding Cultural factors Current emotional state Onset Sudden Mechanical Vascular Traumatic Toxic Gradual Infective Inflammatory Neoplastic Degenerative Endocrine…

Neurotransmitters & Neuropharmacology

Neurotramission in the CNS Hierarchical systems clear anatomic distribution large myelinated rapidly conducting fibres control major sensory & motor functions Major excitatory neurotransmitter aspartate glutamate inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA Glycine Diffuses systems broadly distributed divergent axons branched and synapses with many cells act diffusely far away from site of release produce slow and long lasting &…