Bones

Osteomyelitis & Bone Tumours

Osteomyelitis Definition: Inflammation of the bone & marrow Challenging to treat less choice of effective antibiotics less penetrance of antibiotics into the bone infection will lead to disability/morbidity! viruses bacteria parasites fungi 2 types of osteomyelitis Pyogenic osteomyelitis (Acute) Infection reach bone by Hematogenous spread (most common) Extension from contiguous site Direct implantation Microorganisms Staphylococcus…

Fractures

Definition: Complete or incomplete break in the structural continuity of a bone. Type of fractures: 1) Close (simple) Best treated with closed method unless there is indication to use open method once opened there are risks of infection 2) Open (compound) Definition: Fractures communicating outside through a rent in the skin Fracture with lacerated wound…

PBL: Osteoporosis

Keywords: 61 y.o lady visited outpatient department for annual checkup menopause โ€“ early 50s 5โ€™ 7โ€ & 52 kg BMI: 17 – underweight reduced bone mass? pain over back and hip joints worsening over months reduction in her height compared to previous health checkup reports no history of smoking sister, 60 y.o suffered hip fracture…

Pathogenesis of bone disorders

Types of bone disorders: Inherited Achondroplasia Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteopetrosis Abnormal mineral homeostasis/mineralization Rickets Osteomalacia Renal osteodystrophy Abnormal matrix Osteoporosis Osteogenesis Imperfecta Reduced bone mass Neoplasia multiple myeloma carcinomatosis Osteoclast dysfunction Osteopetrosis Pagets disease of the bone Caused by renal dysfunction Renal osteodystrophy Circulatory disturbances Osteonecrosis (Avascular necrosis) _____________________________________________________________________ Inherited bone disorders Achondroplasia common form of…

Collagen & Glycoprotein

4 types of tissues in body: Epithelial tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue Connective tissue Connective Tissue Specialized connective tissue blood bone cartilage existing within many joints composed of specialized cells chondrocytes produced large amount of extracellular matrix collagen fibres ground substance (rich in proteoglycans) elastin fibres 3 types of cartilage Elastic cartilage Hyaline cartilage (articular…

Bone Physiology

Structure & Composition of bone Structure specialized connective tissue with minerals within infrastructure organic compounds: osteogenic cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts Tissue components of bone Osteoid (major) 30% of total skeleton mass Made up of Organic matrix 90-95% of organic matrix : type 1 collagen fibers Ground substance ECF glycoproteins proteoglycans chondroitin sulfate hyaluronic acid Osteocalcin…

Bones of upper limb, lower limb and vertebrae (Part 2)

Classification of bones Long bones bones of the limbs Short bones carpal tarsal Flat bones Frontal Parietal Occipital Squamous part of temporal Irregular bones Vertebrae hip bones Short long bones metacarpal metatarsal Sesamoid bones Patella Pisiform Pneumatic bones Maxilla Part of frontal air sinus Skeleton Axial skeleton (80) skull vertebral column ribs sternum Appendicular skeleton…

Surface Bony Landmarks

  Palpation from – External Occipital Protuberance Spinous Processes of Vertebrae ( At C7 ) Clavicle Spinous Process of Scapula ( At T3) Inferior Angle of Scapula Iliac crest ( At L4 ) *Note the spine landmarks Why is the L4 level important? Spinal tap is done between level L3 and L4. *find out acromion…