*Read from lecture notes Important key points Epidermis (ectoderm) Stratum corneum S. lucidum only in thick skin (sole, palms) S. granulosum 1st layer that has nuclei cuts off nutrition to cells above S. spinosum thickest layer together with S. basale = Malpighian layer S. basale cell renewal Dermis (mesoderm) Papillary layer Collagen type 3 Meissners’s…
Muscle groups of the neck Post-vertebral muscles Anterior vertebral muscles Lateral vertebral muscles Anterior neck muscles Superficial neck muscles _____________________________________________________________________ *Refer medical museum models Anterior vertebral muscles Muscles Rectus capitis anterior Longus capitis Longus colli Attachment base of the skull & bodies transverse processes of cervical upper 4 thoracic vertebrae Nerve supply C1 – C6…
Muscles of facial expression Functions regulators of 3 openings eyes mouth nose Sphincters (circular), dilators (radial) Facial expressions: secondary effects of their contractions Supplied by 7th cranial nerve Developed from 2nd pharyngeal arch Represent panniculus carnosus Actions Frontalis look upwards without moving head Corrugator supercilii frowing vertical wrinkling of forehead Orbicularis oculi tight closure of…
Walking complex movement that produces locomotion Gait scientific analysis of the pattern of walking Locomotion Definition rhythmic displacement of body parts that maintains the animal in constant forward progression starting stopping changes in speed alterations in direction modifications for changes in slope Basic requirements of walking continuous support against gravity alternating periodic movement of lower…
*Read from written notes before reading from this post Psoas major origin: transverse process of lumbar vertebrae intervertebral disc Insertion pass behind inguinal ligament Iliopsoas tendon inserted into lesser trochanter of femur Action flexes thigh on trunk at hip joint flexes trunk on thigh Nerve supply L2, L3 roots Quadriceps Adductor magnus pubic part…
CREDITS TO DR. NILESH KUMAR MITRA (Anatomy lecturer – International Medical University). His lecture notes is one of the sources I use for my blog posts and he is the best anatomy lecturer I’ve ever known. His efforts to educate and guide medical students in IMU will always be appreciated, by myself and all my…
Vertebral column Components Intervertebral disc Vertebrae Cervical –7 Thoracic –12 Lumbar – 5 Sacral – 5 Coccygeal – 4 Curvatures In the foetus & newborn C shaped with an anterior concavity In adults, 4 curvatures cervical (secondary) appears when infant raises his head thoracic (primary) lumbar (secondary) appears when infant stands sacral (primary) Parts of…
Note: Important for OSPE & read up foundation 1! Peripheral nervous system Made up of nerve cell bodies nerve fibres cranial nerves spinal nerves Connects CNS with peripheral structure Function afferent (sensory) neuron carry impulse from sensory receptors to CNS efferent (motor) neuron carry information from CNS to muscles/glands Accessory nerve 2 parts cranial part…
Osteoarthritis (OA) General Degenerative joint disease No known cure Therapeutic objectives reduce pain improve joint mobility limit functional impairment Management Patient education lose weight lessen burden of weight-bearing joints exercise Non-medicinal & rebilitative exercises range-of-motion muscle-strengthening braces, orthotics, assistive devices appropriate footwear occupational therapy Pharmacotherapy Oral NSAIDs COX2 selective inhibitors glucosamine Intra-articular injection Glucocorticoids Hyaluronic…
General features -ve for Rheumatoid Factor Genetic predispostion Initiated by environmental factors eg. infectious trigger Manifestations are immune mediated T cell response Spondyloarthropaties Definition A group of inflammatory arthropathies that share distinctive clinical, radiological and genetic features The 4 main diseases Ankylosing Spondylitis Reiter’s disease (reactive arthritis) Psoriatic arthritis Enteropathic arthritis Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis…
