Nervous System

Cerebellar structure, function and vestibular disorder

Read written notes. Some images on cerebellum: Location of cerebellum: Largest part of hindbrain Occupies most of posterior cranial fossa Lies behind pons & medulla forming roof of 4th ventricle Separated from posterior part of cerebrum by tentorium cerebelli _____________________________________________________________________ Cerebral peduncles: Joined to the brain stem via: Superior cerebellar peduncle –> Midbrain Middle cerebellar…

Basal Ganglia

Read from written notes. Some images on basal ganglia

Blood supply of the brain & spinal cord

Read written notes. Images on blood vessels supplying the brain: _____________________________________________________________________ Blood supply to the spinal cord: _____________________________________________________________________ Clinical Anatomy BRAIN Too delicate to bear hypoglycaemia/anoxia/hypoxia Damage Reversible beyond 3 minutes Irreversible beyond 7 minutes Arteries are ‘end arteries’ Conditions that may arise: Aneurysms Stroke (haemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism) Medial medullary (Dejerine) syndrome Ant spinal artery…

Brain stem

Read the written notes. Some images of the brain stem:   _____________________________________________________________________ Dorsal surface: Identify: Gracilis & Cuneatus FASCICULUS Gracilis & Cuneatus NUCLEUS Gracile & Cuneate TUBERCLES   _____________________________________________________________________ Midbrain: _____________________________________________________________________ Cerebellar peduncles _____________________________________________________________________ Cranial nerves seen in the brainstem _____________________________________________________________________

Cranial Nerves

Read the printed table.

Branchial arches

Forms the anatomical bases for head & neck development Related to gill (brachial system) & located near the developing pharynx (pharyngeal) of the embryo. The branchial apparatus consists of: Branchial (pharyngeal) arches mesoderm Branchial (pharyngeal) clefts ectoderm Pharyngeal pouches endoderm Simultaneous with the development of the arches & clefts a number of outpocketings arise in…

Pain & Nociception

What is pain? It is an unpleasant sensation, with a protective function Definition: unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual/potential tissue damange What influences the pain you feel? Individual coping strategies Attitudes Previous pain experience Cognitive understanding Cultural factors Current emotional state Onset Sudden Mechanical Vascular Traumatic Toxic Gradual Infective Inflammatory Neoplastic Degenerative Endocrine…

Neurotransmitters & Neuropharmacology

Neurotramission in the CNS Hierarchical systems clear anatomic distribution large myelinated rapidly conducting fibres control major sensory & motor functions Major excitatory neurotransmitter aspartate glutamate inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA Glycine Diffuses systems broadly distributed divergent axons branched and synapses with many cells act diffusely far away from site of release produce slow and long lasting &…

Blood-brain barrier

Blood brain barrier: Tight junctions in the endothelium of brain vessels & thick basal lamina surrounding the external face of the capillary & feet of astrocytes. separation of circulating blood and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) in the central nervous system (CNS) Function: physical barrier system of cellular transport mechanisms maintains homeostasis restrict entrances of harmful chemicals from…

Sutures of the skull & Frontanelle

Sutures: Immobile joints that unites the several separate bones of the skull. The connective tissue between the bones is called a sutural ligament. The mandible is an exception to this rule, for it is united to the skull by the mobile temporomandibular joint Sutures of the skull: Coronal suture: btwn frontal & parietal bone Squamousal…