Thyroid Gland

PBL: Graves’ Disease

Keywords: 35 y.o female secretary (brought in crying after a fight with her boyfriend, accuse him of hitting her) Fast & loud heartbeat Often anxious, nervous and unable to concentrate on her work (symptoms worsening) Could not tolerate hot temperature BP: 150/80 mmHg Pulse regular, pulse rate: 100 per minute Skin is warm & moist,…

Calcium Homeostasis

Brief info on calcium: Calcium is important for many physiologic processes Neurons are very sensitive with changes in Ca2+ ion concentration 0.1%: in ECF 1%: in cells 98.9%: stored in bones & teeth Most abundant cation in the body Calcium in plasma is present in 3 forms: protein bound form (can’t diffuse capillary membrane) ionized…

Disorders of thyroid

Hyperthyroidism Clinical features: Increased BMR Heat intolerance Weight loss Increased appetite Peripheral vasodilation increase heat loss increase blood flow skin soft, warm & flushed Increase cardiac output tachycardia palpitations, arrhythmias cardiomegaly congestive cardiac failure cardiomyopathy Overactivity of sympathetic nervous system tremor hyperactive anxiety inability to concentrate insomnia proximal muscle weakness due to muscle mass loss…

Hormones & Behaviour: Sex differences at puberty

This is an incomplete representation of the topic. I hope that some of you might be able to benefit from my short notes by grasping the key points. Behaviour: Reactions in relation to an environment. conscious/unconscious overt/covert voluntary/involuntary Puberty: Age at which a person if 1st capable of sexual reproduction The transition from childhood to…

Tumours of thyroid & Data Interpretation

Summary of thyroid tumour: Usually tumours seen are primary epithelial tumours. Adenomas are benign & carcinomas are malignant. Classification By it’s histogenic/differention properties: Exhibiting follicular cell differentiation (95%) Exhibiting C-cell differentition Exhibiting follocular & C-cell differentiation Types of thyroid tumours Epithelial tumours follicular adenoma (most common) papillary adenoma Hurthle cell (oncocytic) tumours hyperfunctioning follicular cell…

Actions of thyroid hormones

Increase basal metabolic rate Calorigenic action action that increases BMR Stimulates O2 consumption of almost all metabolically active tissues except adult brain, testes, uterus, lymph nodes, spleen & anterior pituitary T4 suppresses O2 consumption of the anterior pituitary because it inhibits TSH secretion Increase activity of Na/K ATPase in many tissues Increase Mitochondrial protein synthesis…

Biosynthesis of Thyroid hormone

 Recap: Thyroid follicular cells: Cells surrounding the follicle, there are microvilli projecting into the colloid from the apexes, with abundant endoplasmic reticulum. Inactive gland, colloid is abundant follicles are large cells lining the follicle are flat Active gland, follicles are small cells lining the follicle are cuboid/laminar Edge of cells are scalloped forming many small…

Antithyroid Drugs

Recap: Thyroid gland produces 2 iodinated hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) T4 (tetraiodothyronine) They promote metabolism, growth & development. Both hormone need iodine, the iodine binds to thyrosine in the thyroglobulin (colloid) to produce T3/T4. This process is called organification. Hyperthyroidsim: Graves disease Increase TSH receptor stimulation Increase production of T3 & T4 by thyroid gland Types…

Anatomy of the thyroid gland

Position of the thyroid gland: Infront of the neck In the midline Infront of the trachea Extends up to the thyroid cartilage Parts of the thyroid gland: 2 lobes Connected by an isthmus infront of the 2nd & 3rd tracheal ring Pyramidal lobe left end of isthmus Capsules: True capsule (thickening of the connecting tissue)…