Incomplete notes. For more info, read up Prof Hla Yee Yee’s lecture & Dr. Nurjahan.
Diabetes:
Group of diseases characterised by persistently high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects of insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is associated with abnormality in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and a variety of complications.
Types of diabetes
- Type 1
- insulin dependent
- juvenile type
- Type 2
- insulin independent
- adult onset
Prediabetic states
- metabolic syndrome
- central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL, hyperglycemia, hypertension
- insulin resistance caused by incompletely understood defect in insulin action
- heralded by: postpandrial hyperinsulinemia, fasting hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia
- gestational diabetes mellitus
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Type 1 diabetes
- total insulin deficiency
- Autoimmune
- Strong genetic link: HLA DR3, DR4
- Destruction of pancreatic B-cells
- Causes
- idiopathic
- 2ndary to viral infections/toxins (rat poison)
- Young
- Rapid onset
Type 2 diabetes
- impaired insulin secretion/insulin resistance by target tissues
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Complications of diabetes
Acute complications
Infections
- oral infections
- bladder & kidney
- fungal infectsion (skin, nails)
- vaginal infections
- foot infections
- tuberculosis
Hypoglycaemia
- patients on insulin treatment
- sulphonylureas
Comas
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- usually type 1
- Hyperosmolar Non-ketotic coma (HONK)
- Lactic acidosis
- Hypoglycaemic coma
Long term complications
Macrovascular
- Ischaemic heart disease/ MI
- Stroke
- Diabetic foot/gangrene
Microvascular
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Nephropathy
- Peripheral & autonomic neuropathy
Diagnosis of diabetes
Based on 3 criterias
- symptoms of diabetes
- fasting plasma glucose
- 2 hour plasma glucose (oral glucose tolerance test)
Glycosuria is not very reliable
- false +ve
- raised renal threshold in chronic cases (might not have glycosuria)
Management of Diabetes Mellitus
- Change of lifestyle
- Oral hypoglycaemics
- Insulin
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Pre-diabetes mellitus is actually a condition in which your blood glucose levels are elevated, but not high enough to be considered diabetes. It’s a condition that comes before type 2 diabetes and is sometimes called impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance.Pre-diabetes mellitus has become more prevalent within the U.S. affecting as many as 55 million Americans and millions more worldwide. It has already been diagnosed in millions of people, and yet millions of others still have no idea of their condition. The treatment costs of diabetes averages about $174 billion each year.”
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