Keywords: 61 y.o lady visited outpatient department for annual checkup menopause – early 50s 5’ 7” & 52 kg BMI: 17 – underweight reduced bone mass? pain over back and hip joints worsening over months reduction in her height compared to previous health checkup reports no history of smoking sister, 60 y.o suffered hip fracture…
Types of bone disorders: Inherited Achondroplasia Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteopetrosis Abnormal mineral homeostasis/mineralization Rickets Osteomalacia Renal osteodystrophy Abnormal matrix Osteoporosis Osteogenesis Imperfecta Reduced bone mass Neoplasia multiple myeloma carcinomatosis Osteoclast dysfunction Osteopetrosis Pagets disease of the bone Caused by renal dysfunction Renal osteodystrophy Circulatory disturbances Osteonecrosis (Avascular necrosis) _____________________________________________________________________ Inherited bone disorders Achondroplasia common form of…
4 types of tissues in body: Epithelial tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue Connective tissue Connective Tissue Specialized connective tissue blood bone cartilage existing within many joints composed of specialized cells chondrocytes produced large amount of extracellular matrix collagen fibres ground substance (rich in proteoglycans) elastin fibres 3 types of cartilage Elastic cartilage Hyaline cartilage (articular…
Structure & Composition of bone Structure specialized connective tissue with minerals within infrastructure organic compounds: osteogenic cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts Tissue components of bone Osteoid (major) 30% of total skeleton mass Made up of Organic matrix 90-95% of organic matrix : type 1 collagen fibers Ground substance ECF glycoproteins proteoglycans chondroitin sulfate hyaluronic acid Osteocalcin…
Classification of bones Long bones bones of the limbs Short bones carpal tarsal Flat bones Frontal Parietal Occipital Squamous part of temporal Irregular bones Vertebrae hip bones Short long bones metacarpal metatarsal Sesamoid bones Patella Pisiform Pneumatic bones Maxilla Part of frontal air sinus Skeleton Axial skeleton (80) skull vertebral column ribs sternum Appendicular skeleton…
What’s in this post? For 3D anatomy, go to :- http://www.vanatomy.com/Skeletal-System.html Anatomy video of the upper extremity bones Fill up these diagrams as a practice OLIS Bones of the body http://elearning.imu.edu.my/file.php/4236/StudyGuide/Musculo/week1/xms1_2.htm Structure of connective tissue, cartilage & bone http://elearning.imu.edu.my/file.php/4236/StudyGuide/Musculo/week1/xms1_1.htm Extra notes by Dr. Nilesh Kumar Mitra (Part 2) …
Read up Foundation 1 Embryology & 1st aid basic sciences. OLIS http://elearning.imu.edu.my/file.php/4236/StudyGuide/Musculo/week1/xms1_7.html Skeletal system develops from: Paraxial mesoderm forms somites a segmented series of blocks on each side of neural tube somites form: vertebral column muscles of axial skeleton body wall head Lateral plate mesoderm (somatic layer) forms: pelvic pectoral girdle long bones (of limbs)…
Palpation from – External Occipital Protuberance Spinous Processes of Vertebrae ( At C7 ) Clavicle Spinous Process of Scapula ( At T3) Inferior Angle of Scapula Iliac crest ( At L4 ) *Note the spine landmarks Why is the L4 level important? Spinal tap is done between level L3 and L4. *find out acromion…
Some terminology Azotemia Definition: Raised blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in blood. Due to decreased GFR Causing biochemical abnormality Cause may be: Renal Extrarenal Pre-renal: hypoperfusion (low BP) Post-renal: obstruction Uraemia Definition: Azotemia + clinical signs & symptoms Cause may be: Metabolic Endocrine Gastrointestinal: Uraemic gastroenteritis Peripheral nerves: peripheral neuropathy Heart: Uraemic fibrinous pericarditis Proteinuria…
Micturition: Process by which urinary bladder empties. It is a complex act involving both autonomic & somatic nerve pathways & several reflexes that can be either inhibited or facilitated by higher centers in the brain. Micturition involves 2 important steps: Bladder fills progressively tension in bladder wall increases Initiates a nervous reflex micturition reflex: empties…
