Reproductive system

MMS: Pelvimetry & Perineal Muscles

This is a very short summary of some of the important points in the lecture. It is not a complete representation, because of the extensive of graphics and images to illustrate a point, some things will be left to be updated later. Read from Dr. Nilesh’s lecture. Anatomical position of bony pelvis ASIS & Symphysis…

Early infant & childhood development

Read from Dr. Niraj’s notes. Summarise! EARLY INFANT DEVELOPMENT Developmental milestones The 1st year Newborn grasps anything that touches palm (reflective) head not in the middle turn head to the side with difficulty when on belly stands on leg briefly when held upright cries at loud noises listens to speech 1 month can lift head…

Behavioural factors in antenatal care & childbirth

Read from Dr. Galy’s notes. Just some brief notes on some of the important points in the lecture. Theoretical views on pregnancy calm dream-like period Inherently emotional, psychological & social stress Relationship changes relationship with baby relationship with father is later disadvantageous to male partner woman more skilled than men at decoding facial expressions body…

Prescribing in pregnancy & lactation

Read from Dr. Wong Pei Se’s notes Diseases that require treatment during pregnancy Thromboembolic disease Hypertension Diabetes mellitus STD Recurrent pregnancy loss URTI Asthma Epilepsy Migraine Psychosis Depression/anxiety Common illness during pregnancy Nausea & vomiting abdominal bloating heartburn headache constipation Teratogens drugs, environmental hazards produces a characteristic set of malformations exerting it’s effects during the…

Maternal adaptation to pregnancy

Read Dr. Chen Yu Sui’s notes. This is just a brief summary of the changes in the body of a pregnant mother. Enlarging uterus elevates the diaphragm displaces heart upwards & to the left Increase blood volume plasma volume increase plasma renin & aldosterone increase but reduced sensitivity to angiotensin (less vasoconstrictive action) Red cell…

Placenta & function

Read from Dr. Chen Yu Sui’s notes Umbilical cord 2 arteries & veins entwined surrounded by mucopolysaccharide substance Wharton’s Jelly Amnion Fused with chorion at end of 2nd month No blood & nerve supply Chorion Inner aspect: in contact with amnion Outer ascpect: in contact with maternal decidua No blood & nerve supply Cotyledon (lobule)…

Embryogenesis & Development of the genital system

Read Dr. JPJ’s lecture & foundation 1 Dr. Daw Khin Win. Also will be good to read from First Aid. This is just a very short summary of the derivatives of the germ layers. Will update later on the embryogenesis process (3rd-8th week of development) Ectoderm Tall columnar cells, it gives rise to external layer…

Prevention of Breast & Cervical cancers

Read from Dr. Yadav’s notes, just summarise. Breast cancer is the most common cancer for females in malaysia Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cancer Incidence of cancer is highest for chinese People who develop breast cancer often have higher endogenous oestrogen & androgen levels Risk facts: BRCA1 & 2, smoking, alcohol, obesity More…

Breast diseases

Read from Dr. Annie’s notes! Disorders of development Supernumerary nipples/breast multiple Accessory axillary breast tissue Congenital inversion of nipples Macromastia/Micromastia Inflammations Acute mastitis lactating period due to formation of cracks & fissures in the nipple during lactation Staph aureus, strep localized area of acute inflammation pain serous fluid single/multiple abscesses drainage required extensive necrosis some…

Disorders of the uterus & ovary

Read from Dr. Annie’s notes! Disorders of the uterus Adenomyosis Endometrium Hyperplasia Carcinoma Myometrium Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Endometriosis image: ovarian cyst (chocolate cyst) Def: Presence of endometrial glands/stroma in abnormal locations outside the uterus Occurs everywhere except the brain Often cause infertlity, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain ovarian cyst (chocolate cyst) Adenomyosis Def: presence of endometrial tissue in…