Embryogenesis & Development of the genital system

Read Dr. JPJ’s lecture & foundation 1 Dr. Daw Khin Win. Also will be good to read from First Aid. This is just a very short summary of the derivatives of the germ layers. Will update later on the embryogenesis process (3rd-8th week of development) Ectoderm Tall columnar cells, it gives rise to external layer…

Prevention of Breast & Cervical cancers

Read from Dr. Yadav’s notes, just summarise. Breast cancer is the most common cancer for females in malaysia Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cancer Incidence of cancer is highest for chinese People who develop breast cancer often have higher endogenous oestrogen & androgen levels Risk facts: BRCA1 & 2, smoking, alcohol, obesity More…

Breast diseases

Read from Dr. Annie’s notes! Disorders of development Supernumerary nipples/breast multiple Accessory axillary breast tissue Congenital inversion of nipples Macromastia/Micromastia Inflammations Acute mastitis lactating period due to formation of cracks & fissures in the nipple during lactation Staph aureus, strep localized area of acute inflammation pain serous fluid single/multiple abscesses drainage required extensive necrosis some…

Disorders of the uterus & ovary

Read from Dr. Annie’s notes! Disorders of the uterus Adenomyosis Endometrium Hyperplasia Carcinoma Myometrium Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma Endometriosis image: ovarian cyst (chocolate cyst) Def: Presence of endometrial glands/stroma in abnormal locations outside the uterus Occurs everywhere except the brain Often cause infertlity, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain ovarian cyst (chocolate cyst) Adenomyosis Def: presence of endometrial tissue in…

Normal Adult Sexual Behaviour

Read from notes! Sexual arousal is triggered by both physical & phychological stimuli. Phase 1 Desire Phase 2 Excitement Phase 3 Orgasm: peaking of sexual pleasure Phase 4 Resolution: if orgasm does not occur, resolution may take from 2-6 hours Cause for sexual problem Physical causes physical handicap medical disorders (hemophilia) hormonal problems Psychological causes…

Pathology of cervix

Read from Dr. Vijay Singh’s notes and also cases! Dr. Goljan’s book will also be good. Risk factors: multiple sex partners early menarche HPV infection Infection Chlamydia Trachomatis Smoking Oral contraceptives Transplantation Clinical features Abnormal bleeding between periods : metrorrhagia with intercourse: postcoital spotting after menopause cervical ulceration bloody/purulent discharge no pruritus bladder & rectal…

Menstrual disorders

Read from Dr. Sheila Rani’s notes! Normal menstruation normal volume 30ml – 80ml interval between cycles 28 days duration of flow 2-7 days Amenorrhea absence of menstruation in excess of 6 months Primary: Rokitansky’s syndrome no onset of menstruation by age 16 with normal sexual development no onset of menstruation by age with no normal…

Puberty

Very brief notes. Growth spurt females 2 years earlier than males due to steroid hormones, GH, insulin-like growth hormone adrenal androgens not involved Changes male increase muscle mass female increase fat deposition in hips & breast increase in sebaceous glands & thickness of secretion in male female have oestrogens: more fluid larynx enlarge in males…

Reproductive hormones – Applied Aspects

Read from foundation 1 & Dr. Nyunt Wai’s notes! Synthesis of steroid hormones cholesterol progesterone androgens (C19) via aromatase Oestrogens (C19) In male testes secrete testosterone increases LDL, decreases HDL (bad) more susceptible to arterosclerosis protein sysnthesis anabolic steroid: chemical analogue of testosterone breast growth, shrinking of testicles formation of male internal genitalia spermatogenesis feedback…

Female reproductive system (X)

Read from foundation 1 ! Here are some of the important things to know about the female reproductive system. However, the notes are not complete. Will be updated on a later date. Ovaries Functions produce ovum produce hormones (oestrogen & progesterone) 3 ligaments attached to it ovarian ligament suspensory ligament mesovarium (broad ligament) function: anchor…